WT in tension: validation

Every formula and clause of WT in tension was compared by hand with CSA S16-19, AISC 360-22 and CISC SST 12.1, and every row matched, on 2026-10-01. The rows below are read from the calculation itself at its declared values, so they are the formulas the page runs today.

Formulas

NameSymbolicClauseAgainstDate
phi\(\displaystyle 0.9\)CSA S16-19 Cl. 13.1 a) (phi = 0.90, structural steel)2026-09-30
E\(\displaystyle 200\ \mathrm{GPa}\)S16 Cl. 3.2, E = 200 000 MPaCSA S16-19 Cl. 3.2 (E = elastic modulus of steel, 200 000 MPa)2026-09-30
d\(\displaystyle 456\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, D (456 mm)2026-10-01
b\(\displaystyle 304\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, B (304 mm)2026-10-01
t\(\displaystyle 23.9\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, T (23.9 mm)2026-10-01
w\(\displaystyle 15.9\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, W (15.9 mm)2026-10-01
A_0\(\displaystyle 14300\ \mathrm{mm}^{2}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, A (A_A6 = A_Th = 14300 mm^2)2026-10-01
y_c\(\displaystyle 122\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, Y (122 mm, centroid to the flange's outside face)2026-10-01
I_x\(\displaystyle 2.92 \times 10^{8}\ \mathrm{mm}^{4}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, Ix (292e6 mm^4)2026-10-01
I_y\(\displaystyle 5.61 \times 10^{7}\ \mathrm{mm}^{4}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, Iy (56.1e6 mm^4)2026-10-01
J\(\displaystyle 2.08 \times 10^{6}\ \mathrm{mm}^{4}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, J (2.08e6 mm^4)2026-10-01
r_x\(\displaystyle 143\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, Rx (143 mm)2026-10-01
r_y\(\displaystyle 62.7\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, Ry (62.7 mm)2026-10-01
S_xc\(\displaystyle 874000\ \mathrm{mm}^{3}\)CISC SST 12.1, WT460x111.5, Sx (874e3 mm^3 = Ix/(D - Y) = 292e6/334, at the stem tip); the S_x of AISC 360-22 Eq. F9-3 for a stem in compression2026-10-01
lambda_x\(\displaystyle \frac{L_{x}}{r_{x}}\)S16 Cl. 10.4.1, L/r for a member in tensionCSA S16-19 Cl. 10.4.1 (tension: unbraced length L over the corresponding r, no K), r_x2026-10-01
lambda_y\(\displaystyle \frac{L_{y}}{r_{y}}\)S16 Cl. 10.4.1, L/r for a member in tensionCSA S16-19 Cl. 10.4.1 (tension: unbraced length L over the corresponding r, no K), r_y2026-10-01
T_r\(\displaystyle \phi \cdot A_{0} \cdot F_{y}\)S16 Cl. 13.2, gross section yieldCSA S16-19 Cl. 13.2 a) i) (T_r = phi A_g F_y)2026-09-29
M_rx1\(\displaystyle \phi \cdot S_{\mathrm{xc}} \cdot F_{y}\)AISC 360-22 F9-1, F9-3 and F9-4, M_p = M_y for a tee stem in compressionAISC 360-22 Eq. F9-1, F9-3 and F9-4 (M_n = M_p = M_y = F_y S_x, tee stem in compression), phi per CSA S16-19 Cl. 13.1 a)2026-09-30
B\(\displaystyle \left(-2.3\right) \cdot \frac{d}{L_{y}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{I_{y}}{J}}\)AISC 360-22 F9-12, stem in compressionAISC 360-22 Eq. F9-12 (B = -2.3 (d/L_b) sqrt(I_y/J), stem in compression, L_b = L_y)2026-09-30
M_cr\(\displaystyle 1.95 \cdot \frac{E}{L_{y}} \cdot \sqrt{I_{y} \cdot J} \cdot \left(B + \sqrt{1 + B^{2}}\right)\)AISC 360-22 F9-10AISC 360-22 Eq. F9-10 (M_cr = 1.95 E / L_b sqrt(I_y J) (B + sqrt(1 + B^2)), L_b = L_y)2026-09-30
M_rx2\(\displaystyle \phi \cdot \min\left(M_{\mathrm{cr}}, S_{\mathrm{xc}} \cdot F_{y}\right)\)AISC 360-22 F9-13, M_n = M_cr <= M_yAISC 360-22 Eq. F9-13 (M_n = M_cr <= M_y, tee stem), M_y = F_y S_x per F9-3, phi per CSA S16-19 Cl. 13.1 a)2026-09-30
lambda_s\(\displaystyle \frac{d}{w}\)AISC 360-22 F9.4(a) and B4.1a(d) (d/t_w, d the full depth of the tee)2026-09-30
lambda_p\(\displaystyle 0.84 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{E}{F_{y}}}\)AISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 14, stems of teesAISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 14 and F9.4(a)(1) (stems of tees, 0.84 sqrt(E/F_y))2026-09-30
lambda_r\(\displaystyle 1.52 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{E}{F_{y}}}\)AISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 14, stems of teesAISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 14 and F9.4(a)(3) (stems of tees, 1.52 sqrt(E/F_y))2026-09-30
F_cr\(\displaystyle \left(1.43 - 0.515 \cdot \lambda_{s} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{F_{y}}{E}}\right) \cdot F_{y}\)AISC 360-22 F9-18AISC 360-22 Eq. F9-18 (F_cr = (1.43 - 0.515 (d/t_w) sqrt(F_y/E)) F_y)2026-09-30
M_rx3\(\displaystyle \phi \cdot S_{\mathrm{xc}} \cdot F_{\mathrm{cr}}\)AISC 360-22 F9-16AISC 360-22 Eq. F9-16 (M_n = F_cr S_x), phi per CSA S16-19 Cl. 13.1 a)2026-09-30
M_rx\(\displaystyle \min\left(M_{\mathrm{rx}1}, M_{\mathrm{rx}2}, M_{\mathrm{rx}3}\right)\)AISC 360-22 F9, the lowest of the limit statesAISC 360-22 F9 (M_n the lowest value of the limit states)2026-09-30
I_a\(\displaystyle \frac{T_{f}}{T_{r}} + \frac{M_{\mathrm{fx}}}{M_{\mathrm{rx}}}\)S16 Cl. 13.9.1CSA S16-19 Cl. 13.9.1 (T_f/T_r + M_fx/M_rx <= 1.0, M_fy = 0)2026-09-29
I_b\(\displaystyle \frac{M_{\mathrm{fx}}}{M_{\mathrm{rx}}} - \frac{T_{f} \cdot S_{\mathrm{xc}}}{M_{\mathrm{rx}} \cdot A_{0}}\)S16 Cl. 13.9.3 b), S at the stem tipCSA S16-19 Cl. 13.9.3 b) (M_fx/M_rx + M_fy/M_ry - T_f S_x/(M_r A) <= 1.0, class 3 form), M_fy = 02026-09-30

Clauses

ClauseStepsAgainstDate
S16 Cl. 3.2, E = 200 000 MPaECSA S16-19 Cl. 3.2 (E = elastic modulus of steel, 200 000 MPa)2026-09-30
S16 Cl. 10.4.1, L/r for a member in tensionlambda_x, lambda_yCSA S16-19 Cl. 10.4.1 (tension: unbraced length L over the corresponding r, no K)2026-10-01
S16 Cl. 13.2, gross section yieldT_rCSA S16-19 Cl. 13.2 a) i) (T_r = phi A_g F_y)2026-09-29
AISC 360-22 F9-1, F9-3 and F9-4, M_p = M_y for a tee stem in compressionM_rx1AISC 360-22 Eq. F9-1, F9-3 and F9-4 (M_n = M_p = M_y, tee stems in compression)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F9-12, stem in compressionBAISC 360-22 Eq. F9-12 (B for stems in compression)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F9-10M_crAISC 360-22 Eq. F9-10 (M_cr)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F9-13, M_n = M_cr <= M_yM_rx2AISC 360-22 Eq. F9-13 (tee stems in compression, M_n = M_cr <= M_y)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 14, stems of teeslambda_p, lambda_rAISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 14 (stems of tees, 0.84 and 1.52 sqrt(E/F_y))2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F9-18F_crAISC 360-22 Eq. F9-18 (noncompact tee stem F_cr)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F9-16M_rx3AISC 360-22 Eq. F9-16 (M_n = F_cr S_x)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F9, the lowest of the limit statesM_rxAISC 360-22 F9 (M_n the lowest value of the limit states)2026-09-30
S16 Cl. 13.9.1I_aCSA S16-19 Cl. 13.9.1 (T_f/T_r + M_fx/M_rx + M_fy/M_ry <= 1.0, M_fy = 0)2026-09-29
S16 Cl. 13.9.3 b), S at the stem tipI_bCSA S16-19 Cl. 13.9.3 b) (M_fx/M_rx + M_fy/M_ry - T_f S_x/(M_r A) <= 1.0, class 3 form)2026-09-30