Single angle in tension: validation

Every formula and clause of Single angle in tension was compared by hand with CSA S16-19, AISC 360-22 and CISC SST 12.1, and every row matched, on 2026-10-01. The rows below are read from the calculation itself at its declared values, so they are the formulas the page runs today.

Formulas

NameSymbolicClauseAgainstDate
phi\(\displaystyle 0.9\)CSA S16-19 Cl. 13.1 a) (phi = 0.90, structural steel)2026-09-30
E\(\displaystyle 200\ \mathrm{GPa}\)S16 Cl. 3.2, E = 200 000 MPaCSA S16-19 Cl. 3.2 (E = elastic modulus of steel, 200 000 MPa)2026-09-30
b\(\displaystyle 76.2\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, L76x76x6.4, D (76.2 mm, equal legs)2026-10-01
t\(\displaystyle 6.35\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, L76x76x6.4, T (6.35 mm)2026-10-01
A_0\(\displaystyle 927\ \mathrm{mm}^{2}\)CISC SST 12.1, L76x76x6.4, A (A_Th = 927 mm^2; A_A6 = 929 mm^2)2026-10-01
r_x0\(\displaystyle 29.8\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, L76x76x6.4, Rxp (29.8 mm, major principal axis)2026-10-01
r_y0\(\displaystyle 15\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, L76x76x6.4, Ryp (15.0 mm, minor principal axis)2026-10-01
x_0\(\displaystyle 25.8\ \mathrm{mm}\)CISC SST 12.1, L76x76x6.4, Xop (25.8 mm, centroid to shear centre along the major principal axis)2026-10-01
I_x1\(\displaystyle A_{0} \cdot r_{x0}^{2}\)Geometry (accepted by owner): I = A r^2, the definition of r; checks against SST 12.1 Ix + Ixy = 826e3 mm^4 (823e3 here, r rounded)2026-10-01
I_y1\(\displaystyle A_{0} \cdot r_{y0}^{2}\)Geometry (accepted by owner): I = A r^2, the definition of r; checks against SST 12.1 Ix - Ixy = 210e3 mm^4 (209e3 here, r rounded)2026-10-01
M_fx\(\displaystyle 0.707 \cdot \left(e + \frac{t_{p}}{2}\right) \cdot T_{f}\)Statics (accepted by owner): T_f at the gusset mid-plane on the bolt line, (e, -t_p/2), lies 0.707 (e + t_p/2) from X'2026-10-01
M_fy\(\displaystyle \left| 0.707 \cdot \left(e - \frac{t_{p}}{2} - t\right) - x_{0} \right| \cdot T_{f}\)Statics (accepted by owner): the load's offset along X' from the centroid, 0.707 (e - t_p/2) - x_c, with x_c = 0.707 t + x_02026-10-01
lambda_s\(\displaystyle \frac{L}{r_{y0}}\)S16 Cl. 10.4.1, a tension member's L/r, no KCSA S16-19 Cl. 10.4.1 (slenderness of a member in tension: unbraced length L over the corresponding r, no K; r_y0 the least)2026-10-01
T_r\(\displaystyle \phi \cdot A_{0} \cdot F_{y}\)S16 Cl. 13.2, gross section yieldCSA S16-19 Cl. 13.2 a) i) (T_r = phi A_g F_y)2026-09-29
S_x1\(\displaystyle \frac{I_{x1}}{0.707 \cdot b}\)Geometry (accepted by owner): S = I/c (CSA S16-19 Cl. 3, S); the tip corner (b, 0) is the fibre farthest from X', b/sqrt(2) = 0.707 b2026-10-01
M_y\(\displaystyle F_{y} \cdot S_{x1}\)AISC 360-22 F10.1, the yield moment, at the tipsAISC 360-22 Definitions and F9.1 (M_y the yield moment, at the extreme fibre: the tips, 0.707 b from X')2026-09-30
M_nx1\(\displaystyle 1.5 \cdot M_{y}\)AISC 360-22 F10-1AISC 360-22 Eq. F10-1 (M_n = 1.5 M_y)2026-09-30
M_cr\(\displaystyle \frac{9 \cdot E \cdot A_{0} \cdot r_{y0} \cdot t}{8 \cdot L}\)AISC 360-22 F10-4, C_b = 1, beta_w = 0 for equal legsAISC 360-22 Eq. F10-4 (M_cr = 9 E A_g r_z t C_b / (8 L_b) [sqrt(1 + (4.4 beta_w r_z/(L_b t))^2) + 4.4 beta_w r_z/(L_b t)], beta_w = 0 for equal legs, C_b = 1)2026-09-30
M_nx2\(\displaystyle \min\left(\left(1.92 - 1.17 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{M_{y}}{M_{\mathrm{cr}}}}\right) \cdot M_{y}, 1.5 \cdot M_{y}\right)\)AISC 360-22 F10-2AISC 360-22 Eq. F10-2 (M_y/M_cr <= 1: M_n = (1.92 - 1.17 sqrt(M_y/M_cr)) M_y <= 1.5 M_y)2026-09-30
lambda_l\(\displaystyle \frac{b}{t}\)AISC 360-22 F10.3 and B4.1a(b) (b/t, b the full leg width)2026-09-30
lambda_p\(\displaystyle 0.54 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{E}{F_{y}}}\)AISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 12, legs of single anglesAISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 12 (legs of single angles, lambda_p = 0.54 sqrt(E/F_y))2026-09-30
lambda_r\(\displaystyle 0.91 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{E}{F_{y}}}\)AISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 12, legs of single anglesAISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 12 (legs of single angles, lambda_r = 0.91 sqrt(E/F_y))2026-09-30
leg\(\displaystyle 1\)AISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 12 (b/t = 12.0 <= lambda_p = 13.9 at the defaults: compact)2026-10-01
M_nx3\(\displaystyle 1.5 \cdot M_{y}\)AISC 360-22 F10.3(a), compact: does not apply, F10-1 standsAISC 360-22 F10.3(a) and Eq. F10-1 (compact leg: leg local buckling does not apply, M_n = 1.5 M_y)2026-09-30
M_nx\(\displaystyle \min\left(M_{\mathrm{nx}1}, M_{\mathrm{nx}2}, M_{\mathrm{nx}3}\right)\)AISC 360-22 F10, the lowest of the limit statesAISC 360-22 F10 (M_n the lowest value of the limit states)2026-09-30
M_rx\(\displaystyle \phi \cdot M_{\mathrm{nx}}\)S16 Cl. 13.1 a), phi on the nominal strengthCSA S16-19 Cl. 13.1 a) (phi = 0.90 on the nominal strength)2026-09-30
x_c\(\displaystyle \frac{1.414 \cdot t}{2} + x_{0}\)Geometry (accepted by owner): shear centre at the leg midlines, 0.707 t from the heel along X', plus Xop; checks against sqrt(2) X = 30.26 mm (30.29 here)2026-10-01
x_t\(\displaystyle 0.707 \cdot \left(b + t\right) - x_{c}\)AISC 360-22 F10.3, S_c to the toe, its inside cornerAISC 360-22 F10.3 (S_c, elastic section modulus to the toe in compression); the toe's extreme fibre about Y' is its inside corner (b, t), 0.707 (b + t) from the heel along X'2026-10-01
S_y1\(\displaystyle \frac{I_{y1}}{x_{t}}\)AISC 360-22 F10.3 (S_c to the toe in compression, I over the toe distance x_t)2026-10-01
S_yh\(\displaystyle \frac{I_{y1}}{x_{c}}\)Geometry (accepted by owner): S = I/c (CSA S16-19 Cl. 3, S); the heel, 30.3 mm from Y', is farther than the tips' 28.1 mm, so it is the extreme fibre of AISC 360-22 Definitions (yield moment)2026-10-01
M_ny1\(\displaystyle 1.5 \cdot F_{y} \cdot S_{\mathrm{yh}}\)AISC 360-22 F10-1, M_y at first yield, the heelAISC 360-22 Eq. F10-1 (M_n = 1.5 M_y) with M_y at yielding of the extreme fibre (Definitions), the heel, farther from Y' than the tips2026-09-30
M_ny2\(\displaystyle 1 \cdot M_{\mathrm{ny}1}\)AISC 360-22 F10.3(a), compact: does not applyAISC 360-22 F10.3(a) (compact leg: leg local buckling does not apply)2026-09-30
M_ry\(\displaystyle \phi \cdot \min\left(M_{\mathrm{ny}1}, M_{\mathrm{ny}2}\right)\)AISC 360-22 F10, the lowest, S16 Cl. 13.1 a) phiAISC 360-22 F10 (M_n the lowest value of the limit states), phi per CSA S16-19 Cl. 13.1 a)2026-09-30
I_a\(\displaystyle \frac{T_{f}}{T_{r}} + \frac{M_{\mathrm{fx}}}{M_{\mathrm{rx}}} + \frac{M_{\mathrm{fy}}}{M_{\mathrm{ry}}}\)S16 Cl. 13.9.1CSA S16-19 Cl. 13.9.1 (T_f/T_r + M_fx/M_rx + M_fy/M_ry <= 1; M_r taken from AISC F10, not Cl. 13.5)2026-09-29
I_b\(\displaystyle \frac{M_{\mathrm{fx}}}{M_{\mathrm{rx}}} + \frac{M_{\mathrm{fy}}}{M_{\mathrm{ry}}} - \frac{T_{f} \cdot S_{x1}}{M_{\mathrm{rx}} \cdot A_{0}}\)S16 Cl. 13.9.3 b)CSA S16-19 Cl. 13.9.3 b) (M_fx/M_rx + M_fy/M_ry - T_f S_x/(M_r A) <= 1.0, class 3 form)2026-09-30

Clauses

ClauseStepsAgainstDate
S16 Cl. 3.2, E = 200 000 MPaECSA S16-19 Cl. 3.2 (E = elastic modulus of steel, 200 000 MPa)2026-09-30
S16 Cl. 10.4.1, a tension member's L/r, no Klambda_sCSA S16-19 Cl. 10.4.1 (slenderness of a member in tension: unbraced length L over the corresponding r, no K; r_y0 the least)2026-10-01
S16 Cl. 13.2, gross section yieldT_rCSA S16-19 Cl. 13.2 a) i) (T_r = phi A_g F_y)2026-09-29
AISC 360-22 F10.1, the yield moment, at the tipsM_yAISC 360-22 F10.1 and Definitions (M_y, yield moment)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F10-1M_nx1AISC 360-22 Eq. F10-1 (M_n = 1.5 M_y)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F10-4, C_b = 1, beta_w = 0 for equal legsM_crAISC 360-22 Eq. F10-4 (major principal axis M_cr, beta_w = 0 for equal legs)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F10-2M_nx2AISC 360-22 Eq. F10-2 (M_y/M_cr <= 1.0)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 12, legs of single angleslambda_p, lambda_rAISC 360-22 Table B4.1b case 12 (0.54 and 0.91 sqrt(E/F_y))2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F10.3(a), compact: does not apply, F10-1 standsM_nx3AISC 360-22 F10.3(a) (compact sections) and Eq. F10-12026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F10, the lowest of the limit statesM_nxAISC 360-22 F10 (M_n the lowest value of the limit states)2026-09-30
S16 Cl. 13.1 a), phi on the nominal strengthM_rxCSA S16-19 Cl. 13.1 a) (phi = 0.90 on the nominal strength)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F10.3, S_c to the toe, its inside cornerx_tAISC 360-22 F10.3 (S_c, elastic section modulus to the toe in compression)2026-10-01
AISC 360-22 F10-1, M_y at first yield, the heelM_ny1AISC 360-22 Eq. F10-1 with M_y at yielding of the extreme fibre (Definitions)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F10.3(a), compact: does not applyM_ny2AISC 360-22 F10.3(a) (compact sections)2026-09-30
AISC 360-22 F10, the lowest, S16 Cl. 13.1 a) phiM_ryAISC 360-22 F10 (M_n the lowest value of the limit states), CSA S16-19 Cl. 13.1 a)2026-09-30
S16 Cl. 13.9.1I_aCSA S16-19 Cl. 13.9.12026-09-29
S16 Cl. 13.9.3 b)I_bCSA S16-19 Cl. 13.9.3 b) (M_fx/M_rx + M_fy/M_ry - T_f S_x/(M_r A) <= 1.0, class 3 form)2026-09-30